托福阅读各题型应对错误干扰选项高分建议分享
托福阅读的题目都是选择题，而既然是选择题，那么选项中就必然会有错误干扰的选项。今天小编给大家带来了托福阅读各题型应对错误干扰选项高分建议分享。希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读各题型应对错误干扰选项高分建议分享
事实题
直接事实题中，有的选项重复文章中的信息，但并没有回答问题。这样的选项最容易迷惑考生。
建议：在做直接事实题时直接排除那些本身就矛盾的选项，同时千万不要因为某个选项内容在文章中出现过就选择该选项，一定要回答问题。
句子简化
有的选项内容和原文相符，但忽略了原文重要信息，这样的选项最容易误导考生。
建议：在做题时要仔细研读文章中所标识的句子，根据标点和关联词，把句子按照义群，拆分为几个部分，学会长句短读，迅速找出句子的主句，也就是主谓宾或者主系表。
修辞
修辞目的题中，选项中出现的是例子，即作者说了什么，但这种题考查的是作者为什么这样说。
建议：在做题时注意字眼definition, example, to illustrate, to explain, to criticize 等
推论类
推论类问题中，选项重复原文信息，也就是选项为原文直接清楚表述的内容，这样的选项也容易误导考生。
建议：注意在解答此类问题时，不仅要理解作者所写出的句子的字面意思，还必须搞清楚这些句子之间的逻辑性暗示。正确答案一定是从原文中已经给出的内容推论出来的。
主旨题
主旨题中，选项为细节信息或者是支持性论述，而非主要观点。
建议：在做此类题型时主要考察考生对文章主要观点及相对重要信息的理解和辨识能力，因此正确的答案综合了文章的各个观点，所以不会与文章中的任何一句话完全相符;欲选出正确答案考生需要在通篇文章中查找，并且在头脑中形成文章的一个整体框架结构，并且记清楚文章主要观点和其他重要信息。
托福考试阅读题目名师解析指导
【待插入句子】One example of such tropical abundance is found in Panama, which has 667 species of breeding birds一three times the number found in Alaska.
【待插入段落】 When we look at the way in which biodiversity (biological diversity) is distributed over the land surface of the planet, we find that it is far from even. The tropics contain many more species overall than an equivalent area at the higher latitudes. This seems to be true for many different groups of animals and plants. [■]
Why is it that higher latitudes have lower diversities than the tropics? [■] Perhaps it is simply a matter of land area. [■] The tropics contain a larger surface area of land than higher latitudes—a fact that is not always evident when we examine commonly used projections of Earth’s curved surface, since this tends to exaggerate the areas of land in the higher latitudes—and some biogeographers regard the differences in diversity as a reflection of this effect. [■] But an analysis of the data by biologist Klaus Rohde does not support this explanation. Although area may contribute to biodiversity, it is certainly not the whole story; otherwise, large landmasses would always be richer in species.
1.首先公布答案：1st square;
2.看到待插入句子中有one example…，这是个典型的论点+论据的结构! 给我们的是论据，那么前面一定要出现论点，这样才能和举例子对应起来。 之后，看看举的是什么样的例子——这样的热带多样性被发现在Panama，有667个鸟类物种，是Alaska的三倍。
3.最后让我们来看一下待插入段落的各个句子：
P1:1st:当我们来看生物多样性(biodiversity)在地表分布的方式时，我们会发现这种分布(it)不是(far from)均匀的(even)。2nd:热带(tropics)比同样(equivalent)面积的高纬度(higher latitudes)地区包含了更多地物种。 3rd:这种现象对许多不同种类的动植物都是正确的。
P2: 1st: 为什么高纬度有(比热带)更低的多样性?
2nd: 可能只是陆地面积的缘故。(托福中经典的自问自答!)
3rd:热带(比高纬度区域)包含了更大的地表面积，有些生物地理学家把这种多样性的差异(differnece in diversity)当成是(regard...as)这种结果(this effect, 只带前半句的热带面积更大)的反射——面积的事实(a fact)在我们看地球曲面投影图的时候并不总是明显的，因为投影(this)会夸大(exaggerate)高纬度地区的陆地面积。(这一句也考到了句子简化题，注意”先大后小”的原则，破折号留到后面读)
4th: 但是KR的数据分析并不支持这个解释。
5th:尽管面积可能导致(contribute to…)生物多样性，它当然不是全部的理由(not the whole story);否则(otherwise),大的地表面积就应该总是有更丰富的物种。 (言外之意是 并非如此。——考察常识)
看完之后就很清楚了，第一个段落讲现象，第二个段落讲原因。而待插入的句子说的是现象，所以放在第一段关于生物多样性的论点后面，perfect。
语法积累
far from… 跟上次课讲过的other than…一样，表示否定。
more…than…;lower…than…; larger…than… 识别比较关系。
regard…as… 被认为...
not the whole story 字面理解为“不是全部的故事”;常用的承上启下转移话题的短语。
词汇积累
diversity 多样性
distribute 分布
even 平均的
equivalent 等价的
reflection 反映，反射
contribute to… 导致
otherwise 否则
托福考试阅读题目名师解析指导
(1)Between 1900 and 1920 nearly 7.5 million new urban dwellings were added to aturn-of-the-century total of 10 million. (2)In the 1920s another 5.7 million were occupied. (3)Thus by 1930 a majority of urban homes had been built within the past thirty years.
托福阅读长难句解析：
难点在于对地道表达和句间关系的理解。
第(1)句，从1900到1920，有7.5百万新住房被增入世纪之初(即1900年)的10百万总量住房中。
第(2)句，从1920-1929，另外的5.7百万新住房被居住。
第(3)句，因此，截止到1929，大多数的城市住房是在过去的30年(1900-1930)建的。为什么呢?因为7.5+5.7=13.2>10，已经超过1900前所有原住房数量了。即(7.5+5.7)/(7.5+5.7+10)>50%。
托福考试阅读题目名师解析指导
1. Escape involves such actions as aestivation, a condition of prolonged dormancy, or torpor, during which animals reduce their metabolic rate and body temperature during the hot season or during very dry spells.
○ One way animals escape is by entering a state of extended dormancy, known as aestivation, during the hottest and driest times of year.
○ Animals can escape without using direct action, or aestivation, simply by reducing their metabolic rate and body temperature.
○ The actions that an animal uses to escape are known as aestivation, which sometimes involves a reduction in metabolic rate or body temperature.
○ When the weather is especially hot and dry, an animal may suffer from a condition known as aestivation, at which point the animal needs to escape.
原句中，escape involves aestivation, 后面解释aestivation=dormancy(torpor) = reduce metabolic rate & body temperature; 最后加一个时间点during...
看四个选项，1st选项中one way对应原句的involve, 后面说明escape包含dormancy或aestivation，省略了定语从句which修饰dormancy，但整体跟原句相符;2nd选项without…不对;3rd选项中 escape=actions=aestivation把escape的范围缩小了; 4th选项中 suffer from不对，不是遭受，而是主动选择;此外，也未解释escape。
碰到这种同位语或插入语很多的情况，一定要以读懂为主，不要纠结生词!
2. Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important and species that live in groups, like young monkeys that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-and-take involved in social groups. ( 举例论证)
A. Only monkeys that have learned to control their selfish and aggressive behaviors can be involved in social groups.
B. Selfish and aggressive animals like monkeys live in groups in order to practice appropriate social behaviors.
C. Some monkeys are naturally too selfish and aggressive to understand the give-and-take of social groups, so they learn such important behaviors while young.
D. Monkeys and other social animals need to learn behaviors appropriate for their social groups.
原句中，前面是论点后面是论据，学习合适的社会行为对群居物种很重要，举猴子的例子。
选项中，D选项猴子和其他群居动物需要学习behaviors，符合原句。 A选项only就错了，用论据代替了论点;B选项in order to前后反了，是因为要群居，所以才practice behaviors; C选项直接说some monkeys，跟A选项一样，用例子代替论点，而且说错了
复习完毕，进入到因果关系类：
先闭上眼睛，默默回顾下有哪些词可以表达因果关系的?
马上想到的必须是because, 之后应该就是for, since, as, with, 等连接词，表示原因。此外还有表示结果的so, hence, thus等;有一个比较容易被忽略但会在阅读中出现频率非常高的是 ：v-ing, 也就是结果状语。
除此之外，还有美国人民非常爱用的so…that… ;
除了直接的因果关系词之外，还有表示导致/归因于的词大家要非常关注!包括 be responsible for…, cause, lead to, give rise to…, contribute to…,result in等;以及表示explain的account for…。
一下子丢出这么些词可能有些无从下手，我们来看下具体的题目：
1. Because the medium was so prolific, in the sense that it was possible to produce a multitude of images very cheaply, it was soon treated as the poor relation of fine art, rather than its destined successor.
O Photography did not replace other fine arts because people felt the image looked cheap in relation to the other arts.
O Photography was so cheap and readily available that it could be purchased by people who were too poor to purchase fine art.
O Photography not only spread quickly but also was a cheap art form and so became true successor of fine arts rather than its poor relation.
O Photography was not considered a true art because people could use it to create many images cheaply.
原句中，because表示因果，因为the medium非常prolific，后面in the sense that (在某种意义上因为)进一步补充prolific，prolific是因为produce cheaply;所以它被当成art的穷亲戚，而非继承者(rather...than...表对比)。
也就是说：因为medium便宜，所以多，所以不被当成fine art。
看选项，四个选项都有因果关系词，关键是把因和果匹配清楚;1st选项，说照片没有代替其他fine arts因为人们觉得图像看清来很便宜;结果对原因错，原因是照片真的便宜，不是看起来便宜。 2nd选项，so...that表示因果;照片太便宜以及太多，以至于买不起艺术品的人也能买;原因对，结果错，结果是不被当成艺术。 3rd选项，前面not only…but also表示并列，但spread quickly原句未提及;而且后面结果也说反了。 4th选项，照片不被当成true art因为它很便宜;虽然省略
最后，大家发现原句用的是medium，到选项却变成photography了，这个是个很好的paraphrase，用medium媒介这个词去替代photography。大家读文章的时候看到这种不太熟悉的词替换成相应的简单词去理解就好了。
2. Importing the grain, which would have been expensive and time consuming for the Dutch to have produced themselves, kept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods.
○ Buying imported grain led to the Dutch demanding that other foodstuffs and consumer goods be imported.
○ Keeping the price of grain low was a primary goal of the Dutch at a time when they could not produce enough grain to provide for all their needs.
○ The demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods forced the Dutch to import grain and other products at a time when maintaining low prices was especially important.
○ Because the Dutch were able to import inexpensive grain, they had money available to create a demand for other food products and consumer goods.
原句中，先不看插入的定语从句;进口谷物使价格变低，因此刺激(stimulated)个人对其他消费品的需求;定语从句里面说的是，谷物如果自己生产就会很贵。
简而言之，进口谷物使得对其他产品有需求。
选项中，1st选项，最后的other be imported信息不存在，原句只是说有需求，没有说更多进口需求;2nd选项， keeping price low是主要目标，因为他们不能产生足够多的谷物与原句不符(when表示原因);3rd选项，对其他消费品的需求forced荷兰人去进口谷物，谓语动词前后的关系说反了。4th选项，因为荷兰人进口便宜谷物，用一个inexpensive概括了插入语中的定语从句;后面说结果就是有钱买更多。
托福考试阅读题目名师解析指导
托福阅读长难句：But we need to be aware that when painters working in a naturalistic style make images that seem like untouched snapshots of actual objects, their skill can also render lifelike such fictions as a unicorn or a dragon.
托福阅读长难句难点：大量生词+倒装+抽象语义的对应
托福阅读长难句解析：首先扫清词汇问题：snapshots快抓照片，render导致…,使…呈现出…，fiction此处不能理解为“小说”，应结合语境取“虚构”之意，unicorn独角兽。最大难点在“render lifelike such fictions”这个倒装结构的处理，这是将宾语补足语lifelike提前，正常语序为“render such fictions lifelike”，即“使得这些虚构看起来栩栩如生”。(在1.7考试解析中也出现该考点)。
另外，注意整句话前后的转折对应上，“untouched snapshots of actual objects”与“lifelike such fictions as a unicorn or a dragon”是最大的对应，其中“actual objects(真实物体)”又与“fictions，unicorn，dragon(虚构，独角兽，龙)”对应。
托福阅读长难句翻译，“但是我们需要意识到：当致力于写实主义风格的画家画出似乎看起来未经过任何改动的快照一样的真实物体的绘画时，他们的(这种写实主义)技艺也能够使得这些类似独角兽和龙一样的虚构物体看起来栩栩如生。”
这里透露出作者对写实主义双刃剑效果的警惕，写实主义既可以如实反映真实世界，也可以将虚假世界描绘的以假乱真。
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